All Issue

2025 Vol.30, Issue 4 Preview Page

Review

A Review of Oceanic Variability in the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica: Implications of Climate Change

기후변화에 따른 서남극 아문젠해 해양 변동성에 대한 고찰

TAE-WAN KIM1*
김 태완1*
1Principal Research Scientist, Division of Ocean and Atmosphere Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Korea
1극지연구소 해양대기연구본부 책임연구원
*Corresponding Author
30 November 2025. pp. 255-273
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive review of recent oceanic environmental changes and the variability of ice-shelf basal melting in the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica, driven by climate change. Owing to its deep trough topography and the persistent influence of the Amundsen Sea Low, the Amundsen Sea is particularly vulnerable to the intrusion of Circumpolar Deep Water onto the continental shelf, resulting in the most rapid rates of ice-shelf melting and glacier retreat worldwide, especially at Pine Island Glacier and Thwaites Glacier. The regional water-mass structure is characterized by Antarctic Surface Water, Winter Water, and Modified Circumpolar Deep Water, and variability in the volume, temperature, and salinity of Circumpolar Deep Water directly regulates ice-shelf basal melting. Understanding the mechanisms of oceanic variability in the Amundsen Sea is therefore essential for reducing uncertainties in projections of West Antarctic Ice Sheet instability and its contribution to global sea-level rise. This variability is not governed by a simple warming trend but is strongly modulated by atmosphere-ocean-sea ice interactions, including wind-driven surface stress and curl associated with sea ice, as well as remote climate modes such as the Southern Annular Mode and El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Therefore, future research should prioritize sustained long-term observations and high-resolution coupled modeling to elucidate the interplay between large-scale climate modes and anthropogenic forcing. By synthesizing the current state of knowledge through an extensive literature review, this study provides a critical foundation for advancing future research on Antarctic and global climate change.

Keywords
Amundsen sea
Circumpolar deep water
Climate change
Ice shelf melting

본 연구는 최근 수십 년간 기후변화에 따른 서남극 아문젠해의 해양 환경 변화와 빙붕 기저 융해의 변동성을 종합적으로 고찰하였다. 아문젠해는 깊은 해저 골 지형과 상시적인 아문젠해 저기압 등 특수한 지역적 조건으로 인해 환남극 심층수의 대륙붕 유입이 용이하며, 이로 인해 파인아일랜드 빙하와 쓰웨이트 빙하에서 전 지구적으로 가장 빠른 융해와 후퇴가 진행되고 있다. 아문젠해 수괴 구조는 남극 표층수, 겨울수, 변형된 환남극 심층수로 특징지어지며, 특히 환남극 심층수의 부피 및 수온·염분의 변동은 빙붕 기저 용해를 직접적으로 조절한다. 따라서 아문젠해 해양 변동 메커니즘에 대한 이해는 서남극 빙상의 불안정성 및 전 지구 해수면 상승 예측의 불확실성을 줄이기 위해 필수적이다. 그리고 이러한 변동성은 단순한 온난화 추세가 아니라, 대기-해양 상호작용, 해빙-바람 응력 컬(curl), 그리고 남반구 환형모드, 엘니뇨-남방진동과 같은 원격 기후 모드의 영향에 의해 크게 좌우된다. 그러므로 향후 장기 관측과 고해상도 결합 모델을 통한 정밀 분석이 요구되며, 이를 통해 원격 기후 모드와 인위적 강제력의 상호작용을 규명하는 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구는 아문젠해의 해양 변동성에 대한 문헌 고찰을 바탕으로 현 단계의 이해를 종합적으로 정리함으로써, 향후 남극 및 전 지구 기후변화 연구에 중요한 기초자료를 제공한다.

References
1

Arrigo, K.R., K.E. Lowry and G.L. van Dijken, 2012. Annual changes in sea ice and phytoplankton in polynyas of the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 71: 5-15.

10.1016/j.dsr2.2012.03.006
2

Assmann, K.M., A. Jenkins, D.R. Shoosmith, D.P. Walker, S.S. Jacobs and K.W. Nicholls, 2013. Variability of Circumpolar Deep Water transport onto the Amundsen Sea continental shelf through a shelf break trough. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118(12): 6603-6620.

10.1002/2013JC008871
3

Assmann, K.M., E. Darelius, A.K. Wåhlin, T.W. Kim and S.H. Lee, 2019. Warm circumpolar deep water at the western Getz Ice Shelf front, Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(2): 870-878.

10.1029/2018GL081354
4

Azaneu, M., B. Webber, K.J. Heywood, K.M. Assmann, T.S. Dotto and E.P. Abrahamsen, 2023. Influence of shelf break processes on the transport of warm waters onto the eastern Amundsen Sea continental shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 128(5): e2022JC019535.

10.1029/2022JC019535
5

Bett, D.T., P.R. Holland, A.C. Naveira Garabato, A. Jenkins, P. Dutrieux, S. Kimura and A. Fleming, 2020. The impact of the Amundsen Sea freshwater balance on ocean melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125(9): e2020JC016305.

10.1029/2020JC016305
6

Bracegirdle, T.J., 2013. Climatology and recent increase of westerly winds over the Amundsen Sea derived from six reanalyses. International Journal of Climatology, 33(4): 843-851.

10.1002/joc.3473
7

Connolley, W.M., 1997. Variability in annual mean circulation in southern high latitudes. Climate Dynamics, 13(10): 745-756.

10.1007/s003820050195
8

De Rydt, J. and K. Naughten, 2024. Geometric amplification and suppression of ice-shelf basal melt in West Antarctica. The Cryosphere, 18(4): 1863-1888.

10.5194/tc-18-1863-2024
9

Dinniman, M.S., J.M. Klinck and W.O. Smith Jr, 2011. A model study of Circumpolar Deep Water on the West Antarctic Peninsula and Ross Sea continental shelves. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 58(13-16): 1508-1523.

10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.11.013
10

Dotto, T.S., A.C. Naveira Garabato, A.K. Wåhlin, S. Bacon, P.R. Holland, S. Kimura, M. Tsamados, L. Herraiz-Borreguero, O. Kalén and A. Jenkins, 2020. Control of the oceanic heat content of the Getz‐Dotson Trough, Antarctica, by the Amundsen Sea Low. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125(8): e2020JC016113.

10.1029/2020JC016113
11

Dotto, T.S., A.C. Naveira Garabato, S. Bacon, P.R. Holland, S. Kimura, Y.L. Firing, M. Tsamados, A. Wåhlin and A. Jenkins, 2019. Wind-driven processes controlling oceanic heat delivery to the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 49(11): 2829-2849.

10.1175/JPO-D-19-0064.1
12

Dundas, V., E. Darelius, K. Daae, N. Steiger, Y. Nakayama and T.W. Kim, 2022. Hydrography, circulation, and response to atmospheric forcing in the vicinity of the central Getz Ice Shelf, Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. Ocean Science, 18(5): 1339-1359.

10.5194/os-18-1339-2022
13

Dutrieux, P., J. De Rydt, A. Jenkins, P.R. Holland, H.K. Ha, S.H. Lee, E. J. Steig, Q. Ding, E. P. Abrahamsen and M. Schröder, 2014. Strong sensitivity of Pine Island ice-shelf melting to climatic variability. Science, 343(6167): 174-178.

10.1126/science.1244341
14

Evans, J., J.A. Dowdeswell, C.Ó. Cofaigh, T.J. Benham and J.B. Anderson, 2006. Extent and dynamics of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet on the outer continental shelf of Pine Island Bay during the last glaciation. Marine Geology, 230(1-2): 53-72.

10.1016/j.margeo.2006.04.001
15

Fogt, R.L. and G.J. Marshall, 2020. The Southern Annular Mode: variability, trends, and climate impacts across the Southern Hemisphere. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 11(4): e652.

10.1002/wcc.652
16

Fogt, R.L., D.H. Bromwich and K.M. Hines, 2011. Understanding the SAM influence on the South Pacific ENSO teleconnection. Climate Dynamics, 36(7-8): 1555-1576.

10.1007/s00382-010-0905-0
17

Fretwell, P., H.D. Pritchard, D.G. Vaughan, J.L. Bamber, N.E. Barrand, R. Bell, C. Bianchi, R. G. Bingham, D. D. Blankenship, G. Casassa, G. Catania, D. Callens, H. Conway, A. J. Cook, H. F. J. Corr, D. Damaske, V. Damm, F. Ferraccioli, R. Forsberg, S. Fujita, Y. Gim, P. Gogineni, J. A. Griggs, R. C. A. Hindmarsh, P. Holmlund, J. W. Holt, R. W. Jacobel, A. Jenkins, W. Jokat, T. Jordan, E. C. King, J. Kohler, W. Krabill, M. Riger-Kusk, K. A. Langley, G. Leitchenkov, C. Leuschen, B. P. Luyendyk, K. Matsuoka, J. Mouginot, F. O. Nitsche, Y. Nogi, O. A. Nost, S. V. Popov, E. Rignot, D. M. Rippin, A. Rivera, J. Roberts, N. Ross, M. J. Siegert, A. M. Smith, D. Steinhage, M. Studinger, B. Sun, B. K. Tinto, B. C. Welch, D. Wilson, D. A. Young, C. Xiangbin and A. Zirizzotti, 2013. Bedmap2: Improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica. The Cryosphere, 7(1): 375-393.

10.5194/tc-7-375-2013
18

Gao, M., S.J. Kim, J. Yang, J. Liu, T. Jiang, B. Su,, Y. Wang and J. Huang, 2021. Historical fidelity and future change of Amundsen Sea Low under 1.5°C-4°C global warming in CMIP6. Atmospheric Research, 255: 105533.

10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105533
19

Gillett, N.P., T.D. Kell and P.D. Jones, 2006. Regional climate impacts of the Southern Annular Mode. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(23).

10.1029/2006GL027721
20

Ha, H.K., A.K. Wåhlin, T.W. Kim, S.H. Lee, J.H. Lee, H.J. Lee, C.S. Hong, L. Arneborg, G. Björk and O. Kalén, 2014. Circulation and modification of warm deep water on the central Amundsen Shelf. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 44(5): 1493-1501.

10.1175/JPO-D-13-0240.1
21

Hellmer, H., S.S. Jacobs and A. Jenkins, 1998. Oceanic erosion of a floating Antarctic glacier in the Amundsen Sea. Ocean, Ice, and Atmosphere: Interactions at the Antarctic continental margin (S Jacobs, R Weiss, eds) Antarctic Research Series, AGU, Washington DC, USA, 75: 319-339.

22

Heywood, K.J. and B.A. King, 2002. Water masses and baroclinic transports in the South Atlantic and Southern oceans. Journal of marine research, 60(5): 639-676.

10.1357/002224002762688687
23

Holland, P.R., A. Jenkins and D.M. Holland, 2008. The response of ice shelf basal melting to variations in ocean temperature. Journal of Climate, 21(11): 2558-2572.

10.1175/2007JCLI1909.1
24

Holland, P.R., A. Jenkins and D.M. Holland, 2010. Ice and ocean processes in the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 115(C5).

10.1029/2008JC005219
25

Holland, P.R., T.J. Bracegirdle, P. Dutrieux, A. Jenkins and E J. Steig, 2019. West Antarctic ice loss influenced by internal climate variability and anthropogenic forcing. Nature Geoscience, 12(9): 718-724.

10.1038/s41561-019-0420-9
26

Hosking, J.S., A. Orr, G.J. Marshall, J. Turner and T. Phillips, 2013. The influence of the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Seas low on the climate of West Antarctica and its representation in coupled climate model simulations. Journal of Climate, 26(17): 6633-6648.

10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00813.1
27

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), (2019). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Cambridge University Press.

28

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), (2023). Climate Change 2023: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press.

10.1017/9781009157896
29

Jacobs, S.S., 1991. On the nature and significance of the Antarctic Slope Front. Marine Chemistry, 35(1-4): 9-24.

10.1016/S0304-4203(09)90005-6
30

Jacobs, S.S., A. Jenkins, C.F. Giulivi and P. Dutrieux, 2011. Stronger ocean circulation and increased melting under Pine Island Glacier ice shelf. Nature geoscience, 4(8): 519-523.

10.1038/ngeo1188
31

Jacobs, S.S., H.H. Hellmer and A. Jenkins, 1996. Antarctic ice sheet melting in the Southeast Pacific. Geophysical Research Letters, 23(9): 957-960.

10.1029/96GL00723
32

Jenkins, A., D. Shoosmith, P. Dutrieux, S. Jacobs, T.W. Kim, S.H. Lee, H.K. Ha and S. Stammerjohn, 2018. West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat in the Amundsen Sea driven by decadal oceanic variability. Nature Geoscience, 11(10): 733-738.

10.1038/s41561-018-0207-4
33

Jenkins, A., D.G. Vaughan, S.S. Jacobs, H.H. Hellmer and J.R. Keys, 1997. Glaciological and oceanographic evidence of high melt rates beneath Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology, 43(143): 114-121.

10.3189/S0022143000002872
34

Jenkins, A., P. Dutrieux, S. Jacobs, E.J. Steig, G.H. Gudmundsson, J. Smith and K.J. Heywood, 2016. Decadal ocean forcing and Antarctic ice sheet response: Lessons from the Amundsen Sea. Oceanography, 29(4): 106-117.

10.5670/oceanog.2016.103
35

Jenkins, A., P. Dutrieux, S.S. Jacobs, S.D. McPhail, J.R. Perrett, A.T. Webb and D. White, 2010. Observations beneath Pine Island Glacier in West Antarctica and implications for its retreat. Nature Geoscience, 3(7): 468-472.

10.1038/ngeo890
36

Kellogg, D.E. and T.B. Kellogg, 1987. Microfossil distributions in modern Amundsen Sea sediments. Marine Micropaleontology, 12: 203-222.

10.1016/0377-8398(87)90021-1
37

Kim, C.S., T.W. Kim, K.H. Cho, H.K. Ha, S. Lee, H.C. Kim, and J.H. Lee, 2016. Variability of the Antarctic coastal current in the Amundsen Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 181: 123-133.

10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.004
38

Kim, T.W., H.K. Ha, A.K. Wåhlin, S. Lee, C.S. Kim, J.H. Lee and Y.K. Cho, 2017. Is Ekman pumping responsible for the seasonal variation of warm circumpolar deep water in the Amundsen Sea? Continental Shelf Research, 132: 38-48.

10.1016/j.csr.2016.09.005
39

Kim, T.W., H.W. Yang, P. Dutrieux, A.K. Wåhlin, A. Jenkins, Y.G. Kim, H.K. Ha, C.S. Kim, K.H. Cho, T. Park, J. Park, S.H. Lee and Y.K. Cho, 2021. Interannual variation of modified circumpolar deep water in the Dotson‐Getz Trough, West Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126(12): e2021JC017491.

10.1029/2021JC017491
40

Kimura, S., A. Jenkins, H. Regan, P.R. Holland, K.M. Assmann, D.B. Whitt, M.V. Wessem, W.J. van de Berg, C.H. Reijmer and P. Dutrieux, 2017. Oceanographic controls on the variability of ice‐shelf basal melting and circulation of glacial meltwater in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122(12): 10131-10155.

10.1002/2017JC012926
41

Lowe, A.L. and J.B. Anderson, 2002. Reconstruction of the West Antarctic ice sheet in Pine Island Bay during the Last Glacial Maximum and its subsequent retreat history. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21(16-17): 1879-1897.

10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00006-9
42

Macdonald, G.J., S.F. Ackley, A.M. Mestas-Nuñez and A. Blanco-Cabanillas, 2023. Evolution of the dynamics, area, and ice production of the Amundsen Sea Polynya, Antarctica, 2016-2021. The Cryosphere, 17(2): 457-476.

10.5194/tc-17-457-2023
43

Marshall, G.J., 2003. Trends in the Southern Annular Mode from observations and reanalyses. Journal of climate, 16(24): 4134-4143.

10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<4134:TITSAM>2.0.CO;2
44

Mouginot, J., E. Rignot and B. Scheuchl, 2014. Sustained increase in ice discharge from the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, from 1973 to 2013. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(5): 1576-1584.

10.1002/2013GL059069
45

Nakayama, Y., D. Menemenlis, H. Zhang, M. Schodlok and E. Rignot, 2018. Origin of Circumpolar Deep Water intruding onto the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Sea continental shelves. Nature Communications, 9(1): 3403.

10.1038/s41467-018-05813-130143637PMC6109117
46

Nakayama, Y., M. Schröder and H.H. Hellmer, 2013. From circumpolar deep water to the glacial meltwater plume on the eastern Amundsen Shelf. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 77: 50-62.

10.1016/j.dsr.2013.04.001
47

Nakayama, Y., R. Timmermann, C.B. Rodehacke, M. Schröder and H.H. Hellmer, 2014. Modeling the spreading of glacial meltwater from the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(22): 7942-7949.

10.1002/2014GL061600
48

Naveira Garabato, A.C., G.A. MacGilchrist, P.J. Brown, D.G. Evans, A.J. Meijers and J.D. Zika, 2017. High-latitude ocean ventilation and its role in Earth’s climate transitions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 375(2102): 20160324.

10.1098/rsta.2016.032428784714PMC5559419
49

Nitsche, F.O., K. Gohl, K. Vanneste and H. Miller, 1997. Seismic expression of glacially deposited sequences in the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas, West Antarctica. In Barker, P.F. & Cooper, A.K. (Eds.), Geology and Seismic Stratigraphy of the Antarctic Continental Margin, Part 2. Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 71, 95-108. American Geophysical Union.

10.1029/AR071p0095
50

Nitsche, F.O., S.S. Jacobs, R.D. Larter and K. Gohl, 2007. Bathymetry of the Amundsen Sea continental shelf: Implications for geology, oceanography, and glaciology. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 8(10).

10.1029/2007GC001694
51

Nowlin Jr, W.D. and J.M. Klinck, 1986. The physics of the Antarctic circumpolar current. Reviews of geophysics, 24(3): 469-491.

10.1029/RG024i003p00469
52

Orsi, A.H. and T. Whitworth, 2005. Hydrographic Atlas of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE): Volume 1: Southern Ocean.

53

Orsi, A.H., T. Whitworth III and W.D. Nowlin Jr, 1995. On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 42(5): 641-673.

10.1016/0967-0637(95)00021-W
54

Paolo, F.S., H.A. Fricker and L. Padman, 2015. Volume loss from Antarctic ice shelves is accelerating. Science, 348(6232): 327-331.

10.1126/science.aaa0940
55

Paolo, F.S., L. Padman, H.A. Fricker, S. Adusumilli, S. Howard and M.R. Siegfried, 2018. Response of Pacific-sector Antarctic ice shelves to the El Niño/Southern oscillation. Nature geoscience, 11(2): 121-126.

10.1038/s41561-017-0033-029333198PMC5758867
56

Park, T., Y. Nakayama and S. Nam, 2024. Amundsen Sea circulation controls bottom upwelling and Antarctic Pine Island and Thwaites ice shelf melting. Nature Communications, 15(1): 2946.

10.1038/s41467-024-47084-z38605000PMC11009355
57

Pritchard, H., S.R. Ligtenberg, H.A. Fricker, D.G. Vaughan, M.R. van den Broeke and L. Padman, 2012. Antarctic ice-sheet loss driven by basal melting of ice shelves. Nature, 484(7395): 502-505.

10.1038/nature10968
58

Randall-Goodwin, E., M.P. Meredith, A. Jenkins, P.L. Yager, R.M. Sherrell, E.P. Abrahamsen, R. Guerrero, X. Yuan, R. A. Mortlock, K. Gavahan, A.-C. Alderkamp, H. Ducklow, R. Robertson and S.E. Stammerjohn, 2015. Freshwater distributions and water mass structure in the Amundsen Sea Polynya region, Antarctica. Elementa, 3: 000065.

10.12952/journal.elementa.000065
59

Raphael, M.N., G.J. Marshall, J. Turner, R.L. Fogt, D. Schneider, D.A. Dixon, J.S. Hosking, J.M. Jones and W.R. Hobbs, 2016. The Amundsen Sea low: Variability, change, and impact on Antarctic climate. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 97(1): 111-121.

10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00018.1
60

Rignot, E. and S.S. Jacobs, 2002. Rapid bottom melting widespread near Antarctic ice sheet grounding lines. Science, 296(5575): 2020-2023.

10.1126/science.1070942
61

Rignot, E., 1998. Fast recession of a West Antarctic glacier. Science, 281(5376): 549-551.

10.1126/science.281.5376.549
62

Rignot, E., I. Velicogna, M.R. van den Broeke, A. Monaghan and J.T.M. Lenaerts, 2011. Acceleration of the contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to sea level rise. Geophysical Research Letters, 38(5).

10.1029/2011GL046583
63

Rignot, E., J. Mouginot, B. Scheuchl, M. Van Den Broeke, M.J. Van Wessem and M. Morlighem, 2019. Four decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet mass balance from 1979-2017. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(4): 1095-1103.

10.1073/pnas.181288311630642972PMC6347714
64

Rignot, E., S. Jacobs, J. Mouginot and B. Scheuchl, 2013. Ice-shelf melting around Antarctica. Science, 341(6143): 266-270.

10.1126/science.1235798
65

Schubert, R., A.F. Thompson, K. Speer, L. Schulze Chretien and Y. Bebieva, 2021. The Antarctic coastal current in the Bellingshausen Sea. The Cryosphere Discussions, 2021: 1-33.

10.5194/tc-2021-43
66

Shepherd, A., E.R. Ivins, E. Rignot, B. Smith, M.R. van den Broeke, I. Velicogna, P. Whitehouse, K. Briggs, I. Joughin, G. Krinner, S. Nowicki, T. Payne, T. Scambos, N. Schlegel, G. A, C. Agosta, A. Ahlstrøm, G. Babonis, V. Barletta, A. Blazquez, J. Bonin, B. Csatho, R. Cullather, D. Felikson, X. Fettweis, R. Forsberg, H. Gallee, A. Gardner, L. Gilbert, A. Groh, B. Gunter, E. Hanna, C. Harig, V. Helm, A. Horvath, M. Horwath, S. Khan, K.K. Kjeldsen, H. Konrad, P. Langen, B. Lecavalier, B. Loomis, S. Luthcke, M. McMillan, D. Melini, S. Mernild, Y. Mohajerani, P. Moore, J. Mouginot, G. Moyano, A. Muir, T. Nagler, G. Nield, J. Nilsson, B. Noel, I. Otosaka, M.E. Pattle, W.R. Peltier, N. Pie, R. Rietbroek, H. Rott, L. Sandberg-Sørensen, I. Sasgen, H. Save, B. Scheuchl, E. Schrama, L. Schroder, K.W. Seo, S. Simonsen, T. Slater, G. Spada, T. Sutterley, M. Talpe, L. Tarasov, W.J. van de Berg, W. van der Wal, M. van Wessem, B.D. Vishwakarma, D. Wiese and B. Wouters, 2018. Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017. Nature, 558(7709): 219-222.

67

Silvano, A., S.R. Rintoul, B. Peña-Molino, W.R. Hobbs, E. van Wijk, S. Aoki, T. Tamura and G.D. Williams, 2018. Freshening by glacial meltwater enhances melting of ice shelves and reduces formation of Antarctic Bottom Water. Science Advances, 4(4): eaap9467.

10.1126/sciadv.aap946729675467PMC5906079
68

Spence, P., S.M. Griffies, M.H. England, A.M. Hogg, O.A. Saenko and N.C. Jourdain, 2014. Rapid subsurface warming and circulation changes of Antarctic coastal waters by poleward shifting winds. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(13): 4601-4610.

10.1002/2014GL060613
69

Steig, E.J., Q. Ding, D.S. Battisti and A. Jenkins, 2012. Tropical forcing of Circumpolar Deep Water inflow and outlet glacier thinning in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology, 53(60): 19-28.

10.3189/2012AoG60A110
70

St‐Laurent, P., P.L. Yager, R.M. Sherrell, S.E. Stammerjohn and M.S. Dinniman, 2017. Pathways and supply of dissolved iron in the Amundsen Sea (Antarctica). Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122(9): 7135-7162.

10.1002/2017JC013162
71

Thoma, M., A. Jenkins, D. Holland and S. Jacobs, 2008. Modelling circumpolar deep water intrusions on the Amundsen Sea continental shelf, Antarctica. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(18).

10.1029/2008GL034939
72

Thompson, A.F. and K.J. Heywood, 2008. Frontal structure and transport in the northwestern Weddell Sea. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 55(10): 1229-1251.

10.1016/j.dsr.2008.06.001
73

Thompson, A.F., A.L. Stewart, P. Spence and K.J. Heywood, 2018. The Antarctic Slope Current in a changing climate. Reviews of Geophysics, 56(4): 741-770.

10.1029/2018RG000624
74

Thompson, D.W. and S. Solomon, 2002. Interpretation of recent Southern Hemisphere climate change. Science, 296(5569): 895-899.

10.1126/science.1069270
75

Turner, J., A. Orr, G.H. Gudmundsson, A. Jenkins, R.G. Bingham, C.D. Hillenbrand and T.J. Bracegirdle, 2017. Atmosphere‐ocean‐ice interactions in the Amundsen Sea embayment, West Antarctica. Reviews of Geophysics, 55(1): 235-276.

10.1002/2016RG000532
76

Turner, J., T. Phillips, J.S. Hosking, G.J. Marshall and A. Orr, 2013. The Amundsen Sea low. International Journal of Climatology, 33(7): 1818-1829.

10.1002/joc.3558
77

Wåhlin, A.K., O. Kalén, L. Arneborg, G. Björk, G.K. Carvajal, H.K. Ha, T.W. Kim, S.H. Lee, J.H. Lee and C. Stranne, 2013. Variability of warm deep water inflow in a submarine trough on the Amundsen Sea shelf. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 43(10): 2054-2070.

10.1175/JPO-D-12-0157.1
78

Wåhlin, A.K., R.D. Muench, L. Arneborg, G. Björk, H.K. Ha, S.H. Lee and H. Alsén, 2012. Some implications of Ekman layer dynamics for cross-shelf exchange in the Amundsen Sea. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 42(9): 1461-1474.

10.1175/JPO-D-11-041.1
79

Wåhlin, A.K., X. Yuan, G. Björk and C. Nohr, 2010. Inflow of warm circumpolar deep water in the central Amundsen shelf. Journal of physical oceanography, 40(6): 1427-1434.

10.1175/2010JPO4431.1
80

Walker, D.P., A. Jenkins, K.M. Assmann, D.R. Shoosmith and M.A. Brandon, 2013. Oceanographic observations at the shelf break of the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118(6), 2906-2918.

10.1002/jgrc.20212
81

Walker, D.P., M.A. Brandon, A. Jenkins, J.T. Allen, J.A. Dowdeswell and J. Evans, 2007. Oceanic heat transport onto the Amundsen Sea shelf through a submarine glacial trough. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(2).

10.1029/2006GL028154
82

Webber, B.G., K.J. Heywood, D.P. Stevens and K.M. Assmann, 2019. The impact of overturning and horizontal circulation in Pine Island Trough on ice shelf melt in the eastern Amundsen Sea. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 49(1): 63-83.

10.1175/JPO-D-17-0213.1
83

Webber, B.G., K.J. Heywood, D.P. Stevens, P. Dutrieux, E.P. Abrahamsen, A. Jenkins, S.S. Jacobs, H.K. Ha, S.H. Lee and T.W. Kim, 2017. Mechanisms driving variability in the ocean forcing of Pine Island Glacier. Nature communications, 8(1): 14507.

10.1038/ncomms1450728211473PMC5321733
84

Whitworth III, T. and R.G. Peterson, 1985. Volume transport of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current from bottom pressure measurements. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 15(6): 810-816.

10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<0810:VTOTAC>2.0.CO;2
85

Whitworth, T., A.H. Orsi, S.J. Kim, W.D. Nowlin, R.A. Locarnini, S. Jacobs and R. Weiss, 1998. Ocean, Ice, and Atmosphere: Interac-tions at the Antarctic Continental Margin. Antarctic Research Series, edited by: Jacobs, SS and Weiss, RF, 75: 1-28.

86

Yager, P.L., R.M. Sherrell, S.E. Stammerjohn, A.C. Alderkamp, O. Schofield, E.P. Abrahamsen, K.R. Arrigo, S. Bertilsson, D.L. Garay, R. Guerrero, K.E. Lowry, P.O. Moksnes, K. Ndungu, A.F. Post, E. Randall-Goodwin, L. Riemann, S. Severmann, S. Thatje, G.L. Van Dijken and S. Wilson, 2012. ASPIRE: the Amundsen Sea Polynya international research expedition. Oceanography, 25(3): 40-53.

10.5670/oceanog.2012.73
87

Yager, P.L., R.M. Sherrell, S.E. Stammerjohn, H.W. Ducklow, O.M.E. Schofield, E.D. Ingall, S.E. Wilson, K.E. Lowry, C.M. Williams, L. Riemann, S. Bertilsson, A.C. Alderkamp, J. Dinasquet, R. Logares, I. Richert, R.E. Sipler, A.J. Melara, L. Mu, R.G. Newstead, A.F. Post, R. Swalethorp and G.L. van Dijken, 2016. A carbon budget for the Amundsen Sea Polynya, Antarctica: Estimating net community production and export in a highly productive polar ecosystem. Elementa, 4: 000140.

10.12952/journal.elementa.000140
88

Yang, H., T.W. Kim, Y. Kim, J. Yoo, J. Park and Y.K. Cho, 2024. Variability of inflowing current into the Dotson Ice Shelf and its cause in the Amundsen Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 51(3): e2023GL105404.

10.1029/2023GL105404
89

Yang, H.W., T.W. Kim, P. Dutrieux, A.K. Wåhlin, A. Jenkins, H.K. Ha, C.S. Kim, K.H. Cho, T. Park, S.H. Lee and Y.K. Cho, 2022. Seasonal variability of ocean circulation near the Dotson Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Nature Communications, 13(1): 1138.

10.1038/s41467-022-28751-535241654PMC8894431
90

Yoon, S.T., 2023. Review of the melting of west Antarctic ice shelves in the amundsen sea and its influence: research issues and scientific questions. Ocean and Polar Research, 45(3): 155-172.

10.4217/OPR.2023010
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Society of Oceanography
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국해양학회
  • Journal Title :The Sea Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국해양학회지 바다
  • Volume : 30
  • No :4
  • Pages :255-273
  • Received Date : 2025-09-19
  • Revised Date : 2025-11-19
  • Accepted Date : 2025-11-24
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7850/jkso.2025.30.4.255
Journal Informaiton The Sea Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography The Sea Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close