All Issue

2023 Vol.28, Issue 1

Article

Studies on Changes in the Hydrography and Circulation of the Deep East Sea (Japan Sea) in a Changing Climate: Status and Prospectus

기후변화에 따른 동해 심층 해수의 물리적 특성 및 순환 변화 연구: 현황과 전망

HOJUN LEE1
,
SUNGHYUN NAM23*
이 호준1
,
남 성현23*
1Assistant Professor, Department of Oceanography, Republic of Korea Naval Academy, Changwon 51698, Korea
2Associate Professor, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
3Steering Committee, Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
1해군사관학교 해양학과 조교수
2서울대학교 자연과학대학 지구환경과학부 부교수
3서울대학교 자연과학대학 해양연구소 운영위원
*Corresponding Author
28 February 2023. pp. 1-18
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

The East Sea, one of the regions where the most rapid warming is occurring, is known to have important implications for the response of the ocean to future climate changes because it not only reacts sensitively to climate change but also has a much shorter turnover time (hundreds of years) than the ocean (thousands of years). However, the processes underlying changes in seawater characteristics at the sea’s deep and abyssal layers, and meridional overturning circulation have recently been examined only after international cooperative observation programs for the entire sea allowed in-situ data in a necessary resolution and accuracy along with recent improvement in numerical modeling. In this review, previous studies on the physical characteristics of seawater at deeper parts of the East Sea, and meridional overturning circulation are summarized to identify any remaining issues. The seawater below a depth of several hundreds of meters in the East Sea has been identified as the Japan Sea Proper Water (East Sea Proper Water) due to its homogeneous physical properties of a water temperature below 1℃ and practical salinity values ranging from 34.0 to 34.1. However, vertically high-resolution salinity and dissolved oxygen observations since the 1990s enabled us to separate the water into at least three different water masses (central water, CW; deep water, DW; bottom water, BW). Recent studies have shown that the physical characteristics and boundaries between the three water masses are not constant over time, but have significantly varied over the last few decades in association with time-varying water formation processes, such as convection processes (deep slope convection and open-ocean deep convection) that are linked to the re-circulation of the Tsushima Warm Current, ocean-atmosphere heat and freshwater exchanges, and sea-ice formation in the northern part of the East Sea. The CW, DW, and BW were found to be transported horizontally from the Japan Basin to the Ulleung Basin, from the Ulleung Basin to the Yamato Basin, and from the Yamato Basin to the Japan Basin, respectively, rotating counterclockwise with a shallow depth on the right of its path (consistent with the bottom topographic control of fluid in a rotating Earth). This horizontal deep circulation is a part of the sea’s meridional overturning circulation that has undergone changes in the path and intensity. Yet, the linkages between upper and deeper circulation and between the horizontal and meridional overturning circulation are not well understood. Through this review, the remaining issues to be addressed in the future were identified. These issues included a connection between the changing properties of CW, DW, and BW, and their horizontal and overturning circulations; the linkage of deep and abyssal circulations to the upper circulation, including upper water transport from and into the Western Pacific Ocean; and processes underlying the temporal variability in the path and intensity of CW, DW, and BW.

Keywords
Central water
Deep water
Bottom water
Deep circulation
East Sea

동해는 전 세계적으로 가장 빠른 수준의 온난화를 경험하는 해역 중 하나로서, 기후변화에 민감하게 반응할 뿐 아니라 대양에 비해 월등히 짧은 순환 주기를 가지고 있기 때문에 미래의 대양 환경 변화에도 중요한 시사점을 주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 동해 심층 해수의 특성과 순환의 변화 과정에 대한 연구는 동해 전역의 심층을 정밀하게 조사하기 위한 국제협력 프로그램이 자리잡고, 측정 장비의 분해능을 포함하는 관측기술과 수치모델 모의 능력이 크게 향상된 최근(1990년대 이후)에서야 본격화되고 있다. 여기서는 동해 심층 해수의 물리적 특성과 순환의 변화 과정에 대한 그간의 연구 결과를 요약하고, 향후 남은 과제를 제시하고자 한다. 동해는 내부에서 자체적으로 심층 해수가 생성되며 대양과 분리된 독특한 심층 순환 구조를 가진다. 동해의 수백 m 수심 아래에는 수온이 낮고(<1℃) 염분이 거의 일정(34.0-34.1)한 해수가 분포하기 때문에 오랜 기간 이 해수를 일본해고유수(동해고유수)로 명명된 단일 해수로 여겨 왔다. 그러나 1990년대 이후 정밀한 관측이 이루어지며, 동해 심층을 채우고 있는 해수가 적어도 3개의 서로 다른 물리적 특성을 가진 해수(중앙수, 심층수, 저층수)로 구성됨이 밝혀졌다. 이들 3개 해수의 물리적 특성과 해수 사이의 경계 수심은 항상 일정한 것이 아니라, 지난 수십 년 동안 유의한 수준의 변화를 겪어왔다. 동해 북부 해역의 대마난류 재순환, 해양-대기 열과 담수의 교환량, 해빙 형성에 영향을 받는 대류(심층사면대류 및 심층외양대류) 과정에 따라 심층 해수 생성에 뚜렷한 차이가 발생했기 때문이다. 생성된 심층 해수는 수심이 얕은 곳을 오른쪽에 두고 일본 분지에서부터 반시계 방향으로 울릉 분지, 야마토 분지를 차례로 거쳐 다시 일본 분지로 수송되며, 이 수평적인 심층 순환도 변화를 겪어 왔다. 수평적인 심층 순환은 동시에 남북 및 연직 방향의 순환(자오면 순환) 경로와 강도의 변화를 동반한다. 동해는 수천 년 규모의 순환 주기를 가지는 대양에 비해 훨씬 짧은 수백 년 혹은 그 이내의 순환 시간 규모를 가지기 때문에 동해 심층 해수의 물리적 특성과 자오면 순환의 급격한 변화를 더 뚜렷하게 볼 수 있을 것으로 기대 가능하다. 심층 및 자오면 순환 사이의 연계성, 대양과 동해의 유출입 해수 수송을 포함하는 동해 상층 순환과 심층 순환 사이의 연계성은 아직까지 잘 밝혀지지 않았다. 동해 심층 해수 수송의 경로와 강도를 지배하는 다양한 과정들에 대한 후속 연구들이 요구된다.

References
1
Belkin, I.M., 2009. Rapid warming of large marine ecosystems. Prog. Oceanogr., 81(1-4): 207-213. 10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.011
2
Bryden, H.L., H.R. Longworth and S.A. Cunningham, 2005. Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25°N. Nature, 438(7068): 655-657. 10.1038/nature0438516319889
3
Chang, K.I., K. Kim, Y.B. Kim, W.J. Teague, J.C. Lee and J.H. Lee, 2009. Deep flow and transport through the Ulleung Interplain Gap in the southwestern East/Japan Sea. Deep Sea Res. Part Ⅰ Oceanogr. Res. Pap., 56(1): 61-72. 10.1016/j.dsr.2008.07.015
4
Chang, K.I., N.G. Hogg, M.S. Suk, S.K. Byun, Y.G. Kim and K. Kim, 2002. Mean flow and variability in the southwestern East Sea. Deep Sea Res. Part Ⅰ Oceanogr. Res. Pap., 49(12): 2261-2279. 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00120-6
5
Chang, K.I., W.J. Teague, S.J. Lyu, H.T. Perkins, D.K. Lee, D.R. Watts, Y.B. Kim, D.A. Mitchell, C.M. Lee and K. Kim, 2004. Circulation and currents in the southwestern East/Japan Sea: Overview and review. Prog. Oceanogr., 61(2-4): 105-156. 10.1016/j.pocean.2004.06.005
6
Chen, C.T.A., A.S. Bychkov, S.L. Wang and G.Y. Pavlova, 1999. An anoxic Sea of Japan by the year 2200?. Mar. Chem., 67(3-4): 249-265. 10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00074-2
7
Choi, Y.J. and J.H. Yoon, 2010. Structure and seasonal variability of the deep mean circulation of the East Sea (Sea of Japan). J. Oceanogr., 66(3): 349-361. 10.1007/s10872-010-0031-y
8
Clayson, C.A. and M. Luneva, 2004. Deep convection in the Japan (East) Sea: A modeling perspective. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(17). 10.1029/2004GL020497
9
Cui, Y. and T. Senjyu, 2010. Interdecadal oscillations in the Japan Sea proper water related to the arctic oscillation. J. Oceanogr., 66(3): 337-348. 10.1007/s10872-010-0030-z
10
Cui, Y. and T. Senjyu, 2012. Has the upper portion of the Japan Sea Proper Water formation really been enhancing?. J. Oceanogr., 68(4): 593-598. 10.1007/s10872-012-0115-y
11
Dickson, B., I. Yashayaev, J. Meincke, B. Turrell, S. Dye and J. Holfort, 2002. Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades. Nature, 416(6883): 832-837. 10.1038/416832a11976679
12
Gamo, T. and Y. Horibe, 1983. Abyssal circulation in the Japan Sea. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn., 39(5): 220-230. 10.1007/BF02070392
13
Gamo, T., 1999. Global warming may have slowed down the deep conveyor belt of a marginal sea of the northwestern Pacific: Japan Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(20): 3137-3140. 10.1029/1999GL002341
14
Gamo, T., 2011. Dissolved oxygen in the bottom water of the Sea of Japan as a sensitive alarm for global climate change. Trends Analyt Chem, 30(8): 1308-1319. 10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.005
15
Gamo, T., N. Momoshima and S. Tolmachyov, 2001. Recent upward shift of the deep convection system in the Japan Sea, as inferred from the geochemical tracers tritium, oxygen, and nutrients. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(21): 4143-4146. 10.1029/2001GL013367
16
Gamo, T., N. Nakayama, N. Takahata, Y. Sano, J. Zhang, E. Yamazaki, S. Taniyasu and N. Yamashita, 2014. The Sea of Japan and its unique chemistry revealed by time-series observations over the last 30 years. Monogr Environ Earth Planets, 2(1): 1-22. 10.5047/meep.2014.00201.0001
17
Gamo, T., Y. Nozaki, H. Sakai, T. Nakai and T. Tsubota, 1986. Spacial and temporal variations of water characteristics in the Japan Sea bottom water. J. Mar. Res., 44(4): 781-793. 10.1357/002224086788401620
18
Han, M., Y.K. Cho, H.W. Kang and S. Nam, 2020. Decadal changes in meridional overturning circulation in the East Sea (Sea of Japan). J. Phys. Oceanogr., 50(6): 1773-1791. 10.1175/JPO-D-19-0248.1
19
Han, M., Y.S. Chang, H.W. Kang, D.J. Kang and Y.S. Kim, 2021. Turnover time of the East Sea (Sea of Japan) meridional overturning circulation. Front. Mar. Sci., 8. 10.3389/fmars.2021.768899
20
Jamet, Q., W.K. Dewar, N. Wienders, B. Deremble, S. Close and T. Penduff, 2020. Locally and remotely forced subtropical AMOC variability: a matter of time scales. J. Clim., 33(12): 5155-5172. 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0844.1
21
Jeong, Y., S. Nam, J.I. Kwon, U. Uppara and Y.H. Jo, 2022. Surface Warming Slowdown with Continued Subsurface Warming in the East Sea (Japan Sea) over Recent Decades (2000-2014). Front. Mar. Sci., 173. 10.3389/fmars.2022.825368
22
Kang, D.J., J.Y. Kim, T. Lee and K.R. Kim, 2004. Will the East/Japan Sea become an anoxic sea in the next century?. Mar. Chem., 91(1-4): 77-84. 10.1016/j.marchem.2004.03.020
23
Kang, D.J., S. Park, Y.G. Kim, K. Kim and K.R. Kim, 2003. A moving-boundary box model (MBBM) for oceans in change: An application to the East/Japan Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(6). 10.1029/2002GL016486
24
Kim, B.-G., Y.-K. Cho and Y. Noh, 2022a. Deep convection along the continental slope in the East/Japan Sea: A large-eddy simulation study. Front. Mar. Sci., 9:824256. 10.3389/fmars.2022.824256
25
Kim, H., N. Hirose and K. Takayama, 2022b. Physical and Biological Factors Underlying Long-Term Decline of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration in the East/Japan Sea. Front. Mar. Sci., 9: 851598. 10.3389/fmars.2022.851598
26
Kim, K., K.R. Kim, D.H. Min, Y. Volkov, J.H. Yoon and M. Takematsu, 2001. Warming and structural changes in the East (Japan) Sea: a clue to future changes in global oceans?. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(17): 3293-3296. 10.1029/2001GL013078
27
Kim, K., K.R. Kim, Y.G. Kim, Y.K. Cho, D.J. Kang, M. Takematsu and Y. Volkov, 2004. Water masses and decadal variability in the East Sea (Sea of Japan). Prog. Oceanogr., 61(2-4): 157-174. 10.1016/j.pocean.2004.06.003
28
Kim, K., K.R. Kim, Y.G. Kim, Y.K. Cho, J.Y. Chung, B.H. Choi, S.K. Byun, G.H. Hong, M. Takematsu, J.H. Yoon, Y. Volkov and M. Danchenkov, 1996. New findings from CREAMS observations: Water masses and eddies in the East Sea. J. Korean Soc. Oceanogr., 31(4): 155-163.
29
Kim, K.R. and K. Kim, 1996. What is happening in the East Sea (Japan Sea)?: Recent chemical observations during CREAMS 93-96. J. Korean Soc. Oceanogr., 31(4): 164-172.
30
Kim, K.R., G. Kim, K. Kim, V. Lobanov, V. Ponomarev and A. Salyuk, 2002. A sudden bottom-water formation during the severe winter 2000-2001: The case of the East/Japan Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(8): 75-1-75-4. 10.1029/2001GL014498
31
Kim, Y.-B. and G.-T. Yi, 2017. Historical background and its scientific meaning of the Japanese hydrographic survey of the East Sea in 1932. J. Fis. Mar. Sci. Edu., 29(5): 1373-1383. 10.13000/JFMSE.2017.29.5.1373
32
Kosugi, N., N. Hirose, T. Toyoda and M. Ishii, 2021. Rapid freshening of Japan Sea Intermediate Water in the 2010s. J Oceanogr., 77(2): 269-281. 10.1007/s10872-020-00570-6
33
Kumamoto, Y.I., M. Yoneda, Y. Shibata, H. Kume, A. Tanaka, T. Uehiro and K. Shitashima, 1998. Direct observation of the rapid turnover of the Japan Sea bottom water by means of AMS radiocarbon measurement. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25(5): 651-654. 10.1029/98GL00359
34
Kwon, Y.O., K. Kim, Y.G. Kim and K.R. Kim, 2004. Diagnosing long-term trends of the water mass properties in the East Sea (Sea of Japan). Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(20). 10.1029/2004GL020881
35
Lee, E.Y. and K.A. Park, 2019. Change in the recent warming trend of sea surface temperature in the East Sea (Sea of Japan) over decades (1982-2018). Remote Sens., 11(22): 2613. 10.3390/rs11222613
36
Levin, L.A. and N. Le Bris, 2015. The deep ocean under climate change. Science, 350(6262): 766-768. 10.1126/science.aad012626564845
37
Lindsey, R. and L. Dahlman, 2020. Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content. Climate. gov, August, 17.
38
Marshall, J. and F. Schott, 1999. Open-ocean convection: Observations, theory, and models. Rev.Geophys, 37(1): 1-64. 10.1029/98RG02739
39
Min, D.H. and M.J. Warner, 2005. Basin-wide circulation and ventilation study in the East Sea (Sea of Japan) using chlorofluorocarbon tracers. Deep Sea Res. Part Ⅱ Top. Stud. Oceanogr., 52(11-13): 1580-1616. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.11.003
40
Minami, H., Y. Kano and K. Ogawa, 1999. Long-term variations of potential temperature and dissolved oxygen of the Japan Sea Proper Water. J Oceanogr., 55(2): 197-205. 10.1023/A:1007889929187
41
Mooers, C.N., H. Kang, I. Bang and D.P. Snowden, 2006. JES CIRCULATION. Oceanography., 19(3): 86. 10.5670/oceanog.2006.46
42
Na, T., J. Hwang, S.Y. Kim, S. Jeong, T. Rho and T. Lee, 2022. Large increase in dissolved organic carbon in the East Sea (Japan Sea) from 1999 to 2019. Front. Mar. Sci., 108. ADD Page number. 10.3389/fmars.2022.825206
43
Nitani, H., 1972. On the deep and bottom waters in the Japan Sea, in Research in Hydrography and Oceanography, edited by D. Shoji, pp. 151-201, Hydrogr. Dep. of Jpn. Mar. Safety Agency, Tokyo.
44
Noh, Y., C.J. Jang and J.W. Kim, 1999. Large eddy simulation of open ocean deep convection with application to the deep water formation in the East Sea (Japan Sea). J. Oceanogr., 55(2): 347-367.
45
Pai, S.C., G.C. Gong and K.K. Liu, 1993. Determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater by direct spectrophotometry of total iodine. Mar. Chem., 41(4): 343-351. 10.1016/0304-4203(93)90266-Q
46
Park, K.A., K. Kim, P.C. Cornillon and J.Y. Chung, 2006. Relationship between satellite‐observed cold water along the Primorye coast and sea ice in the East Sea (the Sea of Japan). Geophys. Res. Lett., 33(10). 10.1029/2005GL025611
47
Park, Y.G., 2007. The effects of Tsushima Warm Current on the interdecadal variability of the East/Japan Sea thermohaline circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34(6). 10.1029/2006GL029210
48
Postlethwaite, C.F., E.J. Rohling, W.J. Jenkins and C.F. Walker, 2005. A tracer study of ventilation in the Japan/East Sea. Deep Sea Res. Part Ⅱ Top. Stud. Oceanogr., 52(11-13): 1684-1704. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.07.032
49
Send, U., M. Lankhorst and T. Kanzow, 2011. Observation of decadal change in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation using 10 years of continuous transport data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38(24). 10.1029/2011GL049801
50
Senjyu, T. and H. Sudo, 1993. Water characteristics and circulation of the upper portion of the Japan Sea Proper Water. J. Mar. Syst., 4(4): 349-362. 10.1016/0924-7963(93)90029-L
51
Senjyu, T. and H. Sudo, 1994. The upper portion of the Japan Sea Proper Water; its source and circulation as deduced from isopycnal analysis. J. Oceanogr., 50(6): 663-690. 10.1007/BF02270499
52
Senjyu, T., 2022. Changes in Mid-Depth Water Mass Ventilation in the Japan Sea Deduced From Long-Term Spatiotemporal Variations of Warming Trends. Front. Mar. Sci. 10.3389/fmars.2021.766042
53
Senjyu, T., H.R. Shin, J.H. Yoon, Z. Nagano, H.S. An, S.K. Byun and C.K. Lee, 2005. Deep flow field in the Japan/East Sea as deduced from direct current measurements. Deep Sea Res. Part Ⅱ Top. Stud. Oceanogr., 52(11-13): 1726-1741. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.10.013
54
Senjyu, T., T. Aramaki, S. Otosaka, O. Togawa, M. Danchenkov, E. Karasev and Y. Volkov, 2002. Renewal of the bottom water after the winter 2000-2001 may spin-up the thermohaline circulation in the Japan Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(7): 53-1-53-3. 10.1029/2001GL014093
55
Shin, J., S. Noh and S. Nam, 2020. Intraseasonal abyssal current variability of bottom-trapped topographic Rossby waves in the Southwestern East Sea (Japan Sea). Front. Mar. Sci., 7: 579680. 10.3389/fmars.2020.579680
56
Srokosz, M., M. Baringer, H. Bryden, S. Cunningham, T. Delworth, S. Lozier, J. Marotzke and R. Sutton, 2012. Past, present, and future changes in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Bull Am Meteorol Soc, 93(11): 1663-1676. 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00151.1
57
Stouffer, R.J., J. Yin, J.M. Gregory, K.W. Dixon, M.J. Spelman, W. Hurlin, A.J. Weaver, M. Eby, G.M. Flato, H. Hasumi, A. Hu, J.H. Jungclaus, I.V. Kamenkovich, A. Levermann, M. Montoya, S. Murakami, S. Nawrath, A. Oka, W.R. Peltier, D.Y. Robitaille, A. Sokolov, G. Vettoretti and S.L. Weber, 2006. Investigating the causes of the response of the thermohaline circulation to past and future climate changes. J. Clim., 19(8): 1365-1387. 10.1175/JCLI3689.1
58
Sudo, H., 1986. A note on the Japan Sea proper water. Prog. Oceanogr., 17(3-4): 313-336. 10.1016/0079-6611(86)90052-2
59
Talley, L., D.H. Min, V. Lobanov, V. Luchin, V. Ponomarev, A. Salyuk, A. Shcherbina, P. Tishchenko and I. Zhabin, 2006. Japan/East Sea water masses and their relation to the sea's circulation. Oceanography., 19(3): 32-49. 10.5670/oceanog.2006.42
60
Talley, L.D., V. Lobanov, V. Ponomarev, A. Salyuk, P. Tishchenko, I. Zhabin and S. Riser, 2003. Deep convection and brine rejection in the Japan Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(4). 10.1029/2002GL016451
61
Tanaka, K., 2014. Formation of bottom water and its variability in the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119(3): 2081-2094. 10.1002/2013JC009456
62
Teague, W.J., K.L. Tracey, D.R. Watts, J.W. Book, K.I. Chang, P.J. Hogan, D.A. Mitchell, M.S. Suk, M. Wimbush and J.H. Yoon, 2005. Observed deep circulation in the Ulleung Basin. Deep Sea Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr., 52(11-13): 1802-1826. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.10.014
63
Tsunogai, S., Y.W. Watanabe, K. Harada, S. Watanabe, S. Saito and M. Nakajima, 1993. Dynamics of the Japan Sea deep water studied with chemical and radiochemical tracers. In Elsevier oceanography series, Vol. 59, Elsevier, pp. 105-119. 10.1016/S0422-9894(08)71321-7
64
Uda, M., 1934. The results of simultaneous oceanographic investigations in the Japan Sea and its adjacent waters in May and June, 1932. J. Imp. Fish. Exp. Stn., 5: 57-190.
65
Worthington, E.L., B.I. Moat, D.A. Smeed, J.V. Mecking, R. Marsh and G.D. McCarthy, 2021. A 30-year reconstruction of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation shows no decline. OceanSci., 17(1): 285-299. 10.5194/os-17-285-2021
66
Yoon, S.T., K.I. Chang, S. Nam, T. Rho, D.J. Kang, T. Lee, K.A. Park, V. Lobanov, D. Kaplunenko, P. Tishchenko and K.R. Kim, 2018. Re-initiation of bottom water formation in the East Sea (Japan Sea) in a warming world. Sci. Rep., 8(1): 1-10. 10.1038/s41598-018-19952-429371648PMC5785475
67
Yoshikawa, Y., T. Awaji and K. Akitomo, 1999. Formation and circulation processes of intermediate water in the Japan Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29(8): 1701-1722. 10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<1701:FACPOI>2.0.CO;2
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Society of Oceanography
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국해양학회
  • Journal Title :The Sea Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국해양학회지 바다
  • Volume : 28
  • No :1
  • Pages :1-18
  • Received Date : 2022-10-04
  • Revised Date : 2023-01-02
  • Accepted Date : 2023-01-17
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7850/jkso.2023.28.1.001
Journal Informaiton The Sea Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography The Sea Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close